If we replace the potentiometer VR1 with an AC signal plus DC bias signal in any of the previous Figures 3 to 17, the voltage controlled attenuators can become an amplitude modulator circuit instead.

Modulation is fundamental to electronic communications. The modulating signal might be analog in nature (voice or music) or digital bit streams. Most modern communication systems are digital, using ...

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) or Pulse Duration Modulation (PDM) is a technique of converting analog signals into rectangular waveforms. The width of the waveform varies in proportion with the ...

Two things have been overlooked with phasing amplitude modulation. One is the importance of pulse modulation; the other is that logic gates can be used for analog signal processing. Both of these ...

Lock-in amplifiers were invented in the 1930s [1, 2, 3] and commercialized [4] in the mid 20 th century as electrical instruments that are capable of extracting signal amplitudes and phases in ...

Work on surface sensing in bacterial biofilms has focused on how cells transduce sensory input into cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP) signaling, low and high levels of which generally correlate with ...

• The new mantra of position encoding is low-current drain. • Capacitive encoding is a way to realize low-power consumption without giving up resolution or accuracy, even at relatively low speeds.

Diverse well describes the myriad digital modulation schemes used in modern voice and data communications. The alphabet soup of terminology extends well beyond the familiar QAM and GMSK fundamentals ...