The subduction zones where oceanic plates sink beneath the continents produce volcanic arcs such as those that make up the “rim of fire” around the Pacific Ocean. The volcanoes are fed by molten rock ...

(a) Tectonic setting background in the Tonga-Lau-Fiji region. (b) Schematic diagram of the upper mantle structure beneath the Tonga-Lau-Fiji region. A landmark study published in Geoscience—a leading ...

TEMPE, Ariz. — Seismologists in recent years have recast their understanding of the inner workings of Earth from a relatively benign homogeneous environment to one that is highly dynamic and ...

1. Introduction -- 2. General physical and chemical models of the Earth's lower mantle -- 3. Lower-mantle mineral associations -- 4. Ultramafic lower-mantle mineral associations -- 5. Mafic ...