Understanding Value at Risk (VaR): Explanation and Calculation Methods

Learn how Value at Risk (VaR) predicts possible investment losses and explore three key methods for calculating VaR: ...
JSTOR Daily

Matrix Methods in Components of Variance and Covariance Analysis

The Annals of Mathematical Statistics, Vol. 27, No. 3 (Sep., 1956), pp. 737-748 (12 pages) The sampling variance of the least squares estimates of the components of variance in an unbalanced ...
Investopedia

Variance vs. Covariance: Key Differences in Statistics and Investing

Mary Hall is a editor for Investopedia's Advisor Insights, in addition to being the editor of several books and doctoral papers. Mary received her bachelor's in English from Kent State University with ...
InfoWorld

How to use covariance and contravariance in C#

You can use covariance and contravariance to provide polymorphic extension to delegates, arrays, and generics in C#. Here’s how. The C# programming language provides support for variance in two ways: ...
Visual Studio Magazine

Generic Covariance and Contravariance in C# 4.0

Covariance and contravariance are precise terms that describe which conversions are safe on parameters and return types. Learn practical definitions for those terms, what new constructs will be ...