The torus is a three-dimensional surface shaped like a donut, formed by rotating a circle around an axis in its plane that does not intersect the circle. It is a classic example of a surface with a hole, making it topologically distinct from a sphere or a cube. In mathematics, the torus is a fundamental object in topology, where it serves as a basic model of a surface with genus one. Beyond pure math, the torus appears in physics, computer graphics, and engineering—modeling anything from magneti